CPTED is one of crime prevention design technique which has been globally applied for reducing or preventing the social crime through an environmental design. The objective of this research is to contribute to formulation of the effective policies on school crime prevention by presenting expected effects of CPTED elements.
Literature review broadly consists of two sections. First section analyzes the existing CPTED guidelines to select major CPTED elements related a school facility. Some of them propose the detailed design criteria, such as, the number of access points, lighting, and even landscaping. Even though most of domestic guidelines focus on the traffic safety, one of remarkable things is the criterion on the underground parking lot as a rare space in advanced countries. It is necessary to consider all of the guidelines, the domestic and oversea guidelines.
Based on the criteria selected, this research carried out case study on 8 schools located in Seoul of South Korea in order to scrutinize the level of school CPTED. Main entrance was the most vulnerable element in terms of access control. In particular, the schools with a community share facility were exposed to potential offenders because they usually include risky spaces such as underground parking lots as well as have too many entrances to control. A high portion of windows in 8 schools had a glazy material which makes it difficult to naturally monitor students. And, the old schools normally were comprised a lot of buildings. The hidden area between the buildings had a high crime possibility. 4 CCTV were averagely installed in the schools. The lack of janitor makes it difficult to effectively operate the security system. Most of the schools employed 1 janitor only during day. To make matters worse, the illuminance of the underground parking lots was not enough for identifying the offenders. In the aspect of management, it is needed to make education system and manual. This research additionally selected CPTED elements through results of the case study.
100 Principals, 224 teachers, and 2,450 students were asked to respond both the fear of crime against education spaces and the expected effects of the CPTED elements. Considering the understanding level, questionnaire sheet for students was individually prepared. To analyze effects of the major school CPTED related policies, this research asked the principals to describe the crime reduction rates of each policy. The survey showed that 13 policies reduced about 32 percent of crime. As a result of comparing the fear of crime of educational spaces, the teachers had a high potential of crime in every spaces compared to that of principals. In particular, the fear of crime of 15 spaces, corridor, hall, library, toilet, and playground, was differentiated. The 5-point scale based survey on the principals and teachers indicated that “hidden area” (3.75) is the most vulnerable space. “Toilet/rocker room”, and “area near fence” are 3.55 and 3.34, respectively. Clustering analysis categorized 21 spaces into 5 clusters. First cluster included “hidden are”, “toilet/rocker room”. And, t-Test validating the significances of results said that “area near fence”, “underground parking lot”, “classroom”, and “toilet” can be statically differentiated. This research calculated mean values between results of the principals and teachers. The result said that “area near fence” (4.5), “janitor’s room” (4.43), “janitor” (4.19), and “elevator room” (4.13) was ranked in the top 4. Finally, “hidden area” and “janitor’s room” were selected as first cluster through cluster analysis.
Quantitative survey was carried out to analyze the correlation between number of CCTV and crime on 31 schools located Bangi-dong of Seoul, Yeongtong-dong of Suwon, Simgok-dong of Bucheon. Most of the schools installed the CCTV from 2006 to 2009. In case of Bangi-dong of Seoul, crime rate was unexpectedly increased from 2005 to 2010. Partial crime, however, was decreased in 2010. The crime rates of Yeongtong-dong of Suwon and Simgok-dong of Bucheon were steeply raised up in 2008, 2010, respectively. The analysis conveys that there is no significant correlation between the number of CCTV and crime rate.
This research broadly has two limitations. First thing is the limited number of respondents. The number of schools participated in the survey was 30. Therefore, it is reasonable that the result should carefully be used for establishing a CPTED policy. Second, data collection period was too short to analyze the effect on the CCTV. To deal with this limitation, systematic and long-term data collection is needed.