1. Introduction

The current report explains the types and the characteristics of Korean Immigrants’ victimization in Indonesia and aims to suggest prevention strategy by investigating the regional traits. Indonesia is well-known for the linguistic, ethnical, and religious diversity. With the cultural environment, rapid economic growth is considered as the triggers of some serious issues such as corruption and broken safety. The contents of current report are as follows: 1) Victimization of Korean immigrants in all of last year/whole years of residency. 2) Investigation of environmental trait and relationship between Korean immigrants and Indonesian for finding factors that make the immigrants be exposed to crimes. 3) Suggestion for crime prevention of Korean immigrants in Indonesia. By conducting literature review, survey and interview, the current study 1) analyzed Foreign Ministry data regarding accident/crime of Korean immigrants 2) investigated social and cultural backgrounds which are related to crime/victimization of Korean immigrants 3) surveyed 726 Korean immigrants in Indonesia 4) statistically analyzed the data from survey by using frequency analysis, ANOVA-test, Bonferroni test, correlation analysis and regression analysis. 4) conducted in-depth interview with 27 Korean immigrants to investigate more detailed data about their victimization experience and lives in Indonesia.

2. Korean Immigrants’ Victimization in Indonesia

a. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
The gender ratio in this data is 53.4% of male and 46.6% of female. The respondents are mainly in their forties(37.5%). More than 50% of the respondents reported that they had lived in Indonesia over 10 years. 63.5% of them had attended/passed/dropped out of a four-year college. 44.4% of respondents are resident employee/secondment and 76.3% of respondents have lived in the country with their family. 47.5% of respondents reported that they have lived in Jakarta.

b. Reports about Victimization of Korean Immigrants in Indonesia
There were 62.4% of people who victimized at least once in Indonesia during their residency period. The proportion of victimization is as follow: 1)theft(36.0%) 2)crimes related to corruption and bribe(20.7%) 3)fraud(20.5%) 4)internet/cyber crime(11.3%) 5)stalking/blackmail(9.5%), 6)robbery(7.2%). The longer they live in/ the older they are, the higher victimization they reported.
Also, 41.6% of respondents reported that they were victimized in the past year. The proportions of experienced victimization are as follow: 1)theft(21.1%) 2)internet/cyber crime(16.8%) 3)fraud(10.5%) 4)robbery(2.5%), assault (2.2%), sexual assault(0.6%).
About victimization of respondents in the past year: First, 21.1% of the respondents reported that they experienced victimization of theft in the past year. 64.1% are male and 42.5% of victims are in their fifties. Immigrants who have lived in the country over 10 year reported higher victimization rate(49.7%). 50.3% was household theft and it happened mainly around 12~15 p.m.(22.9%).
Second, 2.5% of the respondents answered that they experienced victimization of robbery. 77.8% of them are male and 27.8% of victims are in their forties. Immigrants who have lived in the country over 10 year reported higher victimization rate(61.1%).
41.2% encountered criminal damage on the street and it happened mainly around 12~15 p.m.(33.3%).
Third, 10.5% of the respondents answered that they experienced victimization of fraud. A large proportion of fraud was related to investigation(30.3%), followed by fraud with purchasing items(23.7%) and money transfer between individuals(18.4%).
Forth, 2.2% of the respondents reported that they encountered criminal damages from assault. 56.2% of them are male and 37.5% of victims are in their forties. Immigrants who have lived in the country over 10 year reported higher victimization rate(43.8%). About the offenders, 75% of them are male and half of the offender are under 20 years. 68.5% of offenders are Indonesian.
Fifth, 16.8% of the respondents reported that they involved in victimization of internet/cyber crime. The largest proportion was voice phishing(7.3%) that requested victims to send money by pretending to be an employee of post office, police office, or credit card company. Also frequent message with obscenity/threatening personal security was serious issue(6.9%)
Lastly, 4 people in 333 women respondents(1.2%) reported that they were encountered criminal damages from sexual assault; 1)sexual harassment 2)rape(or attemped) 3)indecency/forcible molesting. Among the victims 3 females reported that they victimized by Korean male who had acquaintance with them before.

3. Perception on Crime and Factors Related to Victimization

a. Perception on People and Culture of Indonesia
First, the current report found that the majority of respondents hold negative views on people of Indonesia. They believed that Indonesians are not trustworthy (39.0%) and do not observed the law (55.4%).
Second, although a large number of respondents have shown their willingness to understand and respect Indonesian culture (48.7%) and get to know local people (41.1%), those who were actually closely connected to Indonesians were relatively small in number (20.7%). Only few responded that they were threatened or harassed by Indonesians (1.3%).
Third, respondents, in general, held negative perspective on overall police work of Indonesian police. Only a handful of respondents believed that police patrol is effective (1.1%), police response time is quick (1.8%), and police will apprehend an offender on time (2.0%).
Last, regarding public perceptions on crime in Indonesia, corruption/misconduct by government officials (61.1%) appears to be the most concerned type of crime for Koreans living in Indonesia followed by larceny (46.7%), robbery (44.4%), fraud (38.1%), and homicide (32.1%).

b. Factors related to criminal victimization
Victimization rates of violent crimes such as larceny, robbery, and assault were considerably high for those who are in their sixties. In addition, respondents who reside in neighborhoods that have few foreigners or in disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to have criminal victimization experience. Furthermore, it has been found that respondents who hold negative view on locals experienced victimization more than those who do not.
Regarding fraud victimization, bereaved male respondents who live alone were more likely to experience victimization than their counterparts. Similar to victimization by other crime types, people with negative perspective on locals were exposed to more fraud victimization.

4. Policy implications

Several policy implications can be drawn from the findings of the current report. At the macro scale, two approaches are proposed here. First, we propose that developing and organizing cooperative projects for protection of Koreans living overseas with Indonesian local agencies will facilitate reducing criminal victimization of Koreans living in Indonesia. Such projects will not only allow officials of Indonesian criminal justice agencies to understand the nature and extend of victimizations Koreans experience, but also serve as a method for them to acquire advanced Korean policing strategies via training programs and workshops provided by Korean agencies. Once collaborative network is established, it will be easier for Korean police agency to actively engage in criminal cases occurring in Indonesia. Furthermore,
Second, we recommend that Korean government should establish 'Criminal Victimization Aid Network' with participating members of ASEAN+3. Once the foundation for such network system for victim assistance has been laid, and each ASEAN+3 government drafts and passes the related bills, receiving emergency assistance as well as compensation will be easier for any citizens living overseas within participating ASEAN+3 countries.
In micro scale, Korean government should expand the scope and diversity of services provided for victims of crime and their families. First, the role and manpower of the office of overseas citizens services in consulates should be enhanced. Assigning officials and representatives to consulates who are not only proficient in Indonesian but also knowledgable about local criminal justice procedure will expedite assistance to victims.
Second, providing legal assistance within ability of state may facilitate delivering pertinent and timely assistance. Especially, fraud victims are anticipated to receive more appropriate supports when legal consultants specialized in criminal justice issues are available at consulates in Indonesia.
Third, featuring a section where citizens can report their victimization experience on a consulate websites can be one of the solutions to prevent and reduce future crimes. By collecting and analyzing criminal cases, officials in consulates will be able to come up with improved strategic plans and carry out constructive actions for effective response.
Last but not least, continued research should be made to maintain comprehensive knowledge on the nature and extent of crime victimizations of Koreans living overseas and provide systematic planning for victimization prevention.